serde_json/src/de.rs

//! Deserialize JSON data to a Rust data structure.

use crate::error::{Error, ErrorCode, Result};
#[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
use crate::lexical;
use crate::number::Number;
use crate::read::{self, Fused, Reference};
use alloc::string::String;
use alloc::vec::Vec;
#[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
use core::iter;
use core::iter::FusedIterator;
use core::marker::PhantomData;
use core::result;
use core::str::FromStr;
use serde::de::{self, Expected, Unexpected};
use serde::forward_to_deserialize_any;

#[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
use crate::number::NumberDeserializer;

pub use crate::read::{Read, SliceRead, StrRead};

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub use crate::read::IoRead;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// A structure that deserializes JSON into Rust values.
pub struct Deserializer<R> {
    read: R,
    scratch: Vec<u8>,
    remaining_depth: u8,
    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    single_precision: bool,
    #[cfg(feature = "unbounded_depth")]
    disable_recursion_limit: bool,
}

impl<'de, R> Deserializer<R>
where
    R: read::Read<'de>,
{
    /// Create a JSON deserializer from one of the possible serde_json input
    /// sources.
    ///
    /// Typically it is more convenient to use one of these methods instead:
    ///
    ///   - Deserializer::from_str
    ///   - Deserializer::from_slice
    ///   - Deserializer::from_reader
    pub fn new(read: R) -> Self {
        Deserializer {
            read,
            scratch: Vec::new(),
            remaining_depth: 128,
            #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
            single_precision: false,
            #[cfg(feature = "unbounded_depth")]
            disable_recursion_limit: false,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl<R> Deserializer<read::IoRead<R>>
where
    R: crate::io::Read,
{
    /// Creates a JSON deserializer from an `io::Read`.
    ///
    /// Reader-based deserializers do not support deserializing borrowed types
    /// like `&str`, since the `std::io::Read` trait has no non-copying methods
    /// -- everything it does involves copying bytes out of the data source.
    pub fn from_reader(reader: R) -> Self {
        Deserializer::new(read::IoRead::new(reader))
    }
}

impl<'a> Deserializer<read::SliceRead<'a>> {
    /// Creates a JSON deserializer from a `&[u8]`.
    pub fn from_slice(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
        Deserializer::new(read::SliceRead::new(bytes))
    }
}

impl<'a> Deserializer<read::StrRead<'a>> {
    /// Creates a JSON deserializer from a `&str`.
    pub fn from_str(s: &'a str) -> Self {
        Deserializer::new(read::StrRead::new(s))
    }
}

macro_rules! overflow {
    ($a:ident * 10 + $b:ident, $c:expr) => {
        match $c {
            c => $a >= c / 10 && ($a > c / 10 || $b > c % 10),
        }
    };
}

pub(crate) enum ParserNumber {
    F64(f64),
    U64(u64),
    I64(i64),
    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    String(String),
}

impl ParserNumber {
    fn visit<'de, V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        match self {
            ParserNumber::F64(x) => visitor.visit_f64(x),
            ParserNumber::U64(x) => visitor.visit_u64(x),
            ParserNumber::I64(x) => visitor.visit_i64(x),
            #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
            ParserNumber::String(x) => visitor.visit_map(NumberDeserializer { number: x.into() }),
        }
    }

    fn invalid_type(self, exp: &dyn Expected) -> Error {
        match self {
            ParserNumber::F64(x) => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Float(x), exp),
            ParserNumber::U64(x) => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Unsigned(x), exp),
            ParserNumber::I64(x) => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Signed(x), exp),
            #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
            ParserNumber::String(_) => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Other("number"), exp),
        }
    }
}

impl<'de, R: Read<'de>> Deserializer<R> {
    /// The `Deserializer::end` method should be called after a value has been fully deserialized.
    /// This allows the `Deserializer` to validate that the input stream is at the end or that it
    /// only has trailing whitespace.
    pub fn end(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingCharacters)),
            None => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    /// Turn a JSON deserializer into an iterator over values of type T.
    pub fn into_iter<T>(self) -> StreamDeserializer<'de, R, T>
    where
        T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
    {
        // This cannot be an implementation of std::iter::IntoIterator because
        // we need the caller to choose what T is.
        let offset = self.read.byte_offset();
        StreamDeserializer {
            de: self,
            offset,
            failed: false,
            output: PhantomData,
            lifetime: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /// Parse arbitrarily deep JSON structures without any consideration for
    /// overflowing the stack.
    ///
    /// You will want to provide some other way to protect against stack
    /// overflows, such as by wrapping your Deserializer in the dynamically
    /// growing stack adapter provided by the serde_stacker crate. Additionally
    /// you will need to be careful around other recursive operations on the
    /// parsed result which may overflow the stack after deserialization has
    /// completed, including, but not limited to, Display and Debug and Drop
    /// impls.
    ///
    /// *This method is only available if serde_json is built with the
    /// `"unbounded_depth"` feature.*
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use serde::Deserialize;
    /// use serde_json::Value;
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let mut json = String::new();
    ///     for _ in 0..10000 {
    ///         json = format!("[{}]", json);
    ///     }
    ///
    ///     let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(&json);
    ///     deserializer.disable_recursion_limit();
    ///     let deserializer = serde_stacker::Deserializer::new(&mut deserializer);
    ///     let value = Value::deserialize(deserializer).unwrap();
    ///
    ///     carefully_drop_nested_arrays(value);
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn carefully_drop_nested_arrays(value: Value) {
    ///     let mut stack = vec![value];
    ///     while let Some(value) = stack.pop() {
    ///         if let Value::Array(array) = value {
    ///             stack.extend(array);
    ///         }
    ///     }
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "unbounded_depth")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "unbounded_depth")))]
    pub fn disable_recursion_limit(&mut self) {
        self.disable_recursion_limit = true;
    }

    fn peek(&mut self) -> Result<Option<u8>> {
        self.read.peek()
    }

    fn peek_or_null(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
        Ok(tri!(self.peek()).unwrap_or(b'\x00'))
    }

    fn eat_char(&mut self) {
        self.read.discard();
    }

    fn next_char(&mut self) -> Result<Option<u8>> {
        self.read.next()
    }

    fn next_char_or_null(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
        Ok(tri!(self.next_char()).unwrap_or(b'\x00'))
    }

    /// Error caused by a byte from next_char().
    #[cold]
    fn error(&self, reason: ErrorCode) -> Error {
        let position = self.read.position();
        Error::syntax(reason, position.line, position.column)
    }

    /// Error caused by a byte from peek().
    #[cold]
    fn peek_error(&self, reason: ErrorCode) -> Error {
        let position = self.read.peek_position();
        Error::syntax(reason, position.line, position.column)
    }

    /// Returns the first non-whitespace byte without consuming it, or `None` if
    /// EOF is encountered.
    fn parse_whitespace(&mut self) -> Result<Option<u8>> {
        loop {
            match tri!(self.peek()) {
                Some(b' ') | Some(b'\n') | Some(b'\t') | Some(b'\r') => {
                    self.eat_char();
                }
                other => {
                    return Ok(other);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[cold]
    fn peek_invalid_type(&mut self, exp: &dyn Expected) -> Error {
        let err = match self.peek_or_null().unwrap_or(b'\x00') {
            b'n' => {
                self.eat_char();
                if let Err(err) = self.parse_ident(b"ull") {
                    return err;
                }
                de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Unit, exp)
            }
            b't' => {
                self.eat_char();
                if let Err(err) = self.parse_ident(b"rue") {
                    return err;
                }
                de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Bool(true), exp)
            }
            b'f' => {
                self.eat_char();
                if let Err(err) = self.parse_ident(b"alse") {
                    return err;
                }
                de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Bool(false), exp)
            }
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                match self.parse_any_number(false) {
                    Ok(n) => n.invalid_type(exp),
                    Err(err) => return err,
                }
            }
            b'0'..=b'9' => match self.parse_any_number(true) {
                Ok(n) => n.invalid_type(exp),
                Err(err) => return err,
            },
            b'"' => {
                self.eat_char();
                self.scratch.clear();
                match self.read.parse_str(&mut self.scratch) {
                    Ok(s) => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Str(&s), exp),
                    Err(err) => return err,
                }
            }
            b'[' => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Seq, exp),
            b'{' => de::Error::invalid_type(Unexpected::Map, exp),
            _ => self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeValue),
        };

        self.fix_position(err)
    }

    fn deserialize_number<V>(&mut self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_integer(false)).visit(visitor)
            }
            b'0'..=b'9' => tri!(self.parse_integer(true)).visit(visitor),
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn scan_integer128(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.next_char_or_null()) {
            b'0' => {
                buf.push('0');
                // There can be only one leading '0'.
                match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    b'0'..=b'9' => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                    _ => Ok(()),
                }
            }
            c @ b'1'..=b'9' => {
                buf.push(c as char);
                while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    self.eat_char();
                    buf.push(c as char);
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
        }
    }

    #[cold]
    fn fix_position(&self, err: Error) -> Error {
        err.fix_position(move |code| self.error(code))
    }

    fn parse_ident(&mut self, ident: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        for expected in ident {
            match tri!(self.next_char()) {
                None => {
                    return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
                }
                Some(next) => {
                    if next != *expected {
                        return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeIdent));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn parse_integer(&mut self, positive: bool) -> Result<ParserNumber> {
        let next = match tri!(self.next_char()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        match next {
            b'0' => {
                // There can be only one leading '0'.
                match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    b'0'..=b'9' => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                    _ => self.parse_number(positive, 0),
                }
            }
            c @ b'1'..=b'9' => {
                let mut significand = (c - b'0') as u64;

                loop {
                    match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                        c @ b'0'..=b'9' => {
                            let digit = (c - b'0') as u64;

                            // We need to be careful with overflow. If we can,
                            // try to keep the number as a `u64` until we grow
                            // too large. At that point, switch to parsing the
                            // value as a `f64`.
                            if overflow!(significand * 10 + digit, u64::max_value()) {
                                return Ok(ParserNumber::F64(tri!(
                                    self.parse_long_integer(positive, significand),
                                )));
                            }

                            self.eat_char();
                            significand = significand * 10 + digit;
                        }
                        _ => {
                            return self.parse_number(positive, significand);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
        }
    }

    fn parse_number(&mut self, positive: bool, significand: u64) -> Result<ParserNumber> {
        Ok(match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'.' => ParserNumber::F64(tri!(self.parse_decimal(positive, significand, 0))),
            b'e' | b'E' => ParserNumber::F64(tri!(self.parse_exponent(positive, significand, 0))),
            _ => {
                if positive {
                    ParserNumber::U64(significand)
                } else {
                    let neg = (significand as i64).wrapping_neg();

                    // Convert into a float if we underflow, or on `-0`.
                    if neg >= 0 {
                        ParserNumber::F64(-(significand as f64))
                    } else {
                        ParserNumber::I64(neg)
                    }
                }
            }
        })
    }

    fn parse_decimal(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        mut significand: u64,
        exponent_before_decimal_point: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        self.eat_char();

        let mut exponent_after_decimal_point = 0;
        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            let digit = (c - b'0') as u64;

            if overflow!(significand * 10 + digit, u64::max_value()) {
                let exponent = exponent_before_decimal_point + exponent_after_decimal_point;
                return self.parse_decimal_overflow(positive, significand, exponent);
            }

            self.eat_char();
            significand = significand * 10 + digit;
            exponent_after_decimal_point -= 1;
        }

        // Error if there is not at least one digit after the decimal point.
        if exponent_after_decimal_point == 0 {
            match tri!(self.peek()) {
                Some(_) => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                None => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
            }
        }

        let exponent = exponent_before_decimal_point + exponent_after_decimal_point;
        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'e' | b'E' => self.parse_exponent(positive, significand, exponent),
            _ => self.f64_from_parts(positive, significand, exponent),
        }
    }

    fn parse_exponent(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        significand: u64,
        starting_exp: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        self.eat_char();

        let positive_exp = match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'+' => {
                self.eat_char();
                true
            }
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                false
            }
            _ => true,
        };

        let next = match tri!(self.next_char()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        // Make sure a digit follows the exponent place.
        let mut exp = match next {
            c @ b'0'..=b'9' => (c - b'0') as i32,
            _ => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
            }
        };

        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
            let digit = (c - b'0') as i32;

            if overflow!(exp * 10 + digit, i32::max_value()) {
                let zero_significand = significand == 0;
                return self.parse_exponent_overflow(positive, zero_significand, positive_exp);
            }

            exp = exp * 10 + digit;
        }

        let final_exp = if positive_exp {
            starting_exp.saturating_add(exp)
        } else {
            starting_exp.saturating_sub(exp)
        };

        self.f64_from_parts(positive, significand, final_exp)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    fn f64_from_parts(&mut self, positive: bool, significand: u64, exponent: i32) -> Result<f64> {
        let f = if self.single_precision {
            lexical::parse_concise_float::<f32>(significand, exponent) as f64
        } else {
            lexical::parse_concise_float::<f64>(significand, exponent)
        };

        if f.is_infinite() {
            Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange))
        } else {
            Ok(if positive { f } else { -f })
        }
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "float_roundtrip"))]
    fn f64_from_parts(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        significand: u64,
        mut exponent: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        let mut f = significand as f64;
        loop {
            match POW10.get(exponent.wrapping_abs() as usize) {
                Some(&pow) => {
                    if exponent >= 0 {
                        f *= pow;
                        if f.is_infinite() {
                            return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
                        }
                    } else {
                        f /= pow;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                None => {
                    if f == 0.0 {
                        break;
                    }
                    if exponent >= 0 {
                        return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
                    }
                    f /= 1e308;
                    exponent += 308;
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(if positive { f } else { -f })
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn parse_long_integer(&mut self, positive: bool, partial_significand: u64) -> Result<f64> {
        // To deserialize floats we'll first push the integer and fraction
        // parts, both as byte strings, into the scratch buffer and then feed
        // both slices to lexical's parser. For example if the input is
        // `12.34e5` we'll push b"1234" into scratch and then pass b"12" and
        // b"34" to lexical. `integer_end` will be used to track where to split
        // the scratch buffer.
        //
        // Note that lexical expects the integer part to contain *no* leading
        // zeroes and the fraction part to contain *no* trailing zeroes. The
        // first requirement is already handled by the integer parsing logic.
        // The second requirement will be enforced just before passing the
        // slices to lexical in f64_long_from_parts.
        self.scratch.clear();
        self.scratch
            .extend_from_slice(itoa::Buffer::new().format(partial_significand).as_bytes());

        loop {
            match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                c @ b'0'..=b'9' => {
                    self.scratch.push(c);
                    self.eat_char();
                }
                b'.' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    return self.parse_long_decimal(positive, self.scratch.len());
                }
                b'e' | b'E' => {
                    return self.parse_long_exponent(positive, self.scratch.len());
                }
                _ => {
                    return self.f64_long_from_parts(positive, self.scratch.len(), 0);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "float_roundtrip"))]
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn parse_long_integer(&mut self, positive: bool, significand: u64) -> Result<f64> {
        let mut exponent = 0;
        loop {
            match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                b'0'..=b'9' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    // This could overflow... if your integer is gigabytes long.
                    // Ignore that possibility.
                    exponent += 1;
                }
                b'.' => {
                    return self.parse_decimal(positive, significand, exponent);
                }
                b'e' | b'E' => {
                    return self.parse_exponent(positive, significand, exponent);
                }
                _ => {
                    return self.f64_from_parts(positive, significand, exponent);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    #[cold]
    fn parse_long_decimal(&mut self, positive: bool, integer_end: usize) -> Result<f64> {
        let mut at_least_one_digit = integer_end < self.scratch.len();
        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.scratch.push(c);
            self.eat_char();
            at_least_one_digit = true;
        }

        if !at_least_one_digit {
            match tri!(self.peek()) {
                Some(_) => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                None => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
            }
        }

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'e' | b'E' => self.parse_long_exponent(positive, integer_end),
            _ => self.f64_long_from_parts(positive, integer_end, 0),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    fn parse_long_exponent(&mut self, positive: bool, integer_end: usize) -> Result<f64> {
        self.eat_char();

        let positive_exp = match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'+' => {
                self.eat_char();
                true
            }
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                false
            }
            _ => true,
        };

        let next = match tri!(self.next_char()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        // Make sure a digit follows the exponent place.
        let mut exp = match next {
            c @ b'0'..=b'9' => (c - b'0') as i32,
            _ => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
            }
        };

        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
            let digit = (c - b'0') as i32;

            if overflow!(exp * 10 + digit, i32::max_value()) {
                let zero_significand = self.scratch.iter().all(|&digit| digit == b'0');
                return self.parse_exponent_overflow(positive, zero_significand, positive_exp);
            }

            exp = exp * 10 + digit;
        }

        let final_exp = if positive_exp { exp } else { -exp };

        self.f64_long_from_parts(positive, integer_end, final_exp)
    }

    // This cold code should not be inlined into the middle of the hot
    // decimal-parsing loop above.
    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn parse_decimal_overflow(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        significand: u64,
        exponent: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        let mut buffer = itoa::Buffer::new();
        let significand = buffer.format(significand);
        let fraction_digits = -exponent as usize;
        self.scratch.clear();
        if let Some(zeros) = fraction_digits.checked_sub(significand.len() + 1) {
            self.scratch.extend(iter::repeat(b'0').take(zeros + 1));
        }
        self.scratch.extend_from_slice(significand.as_bytes());
        let integer_end = self.scratch.len() - fraction_digits;
        self.parse_long_decimal(positive, integer_end)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "float_roundtrip"))]
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn parse_decimal_overflow(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        significand: u64,
        exponent: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        // The next multiply/add would overflow, so just ignore all further
        // digits.
        while let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
        }

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'e' | b'E' => self.parse_exponent(positive, significand, exponent),
            _ => self.f64_from_parts(positive, significand, exponent),
        }
    }

    // This cold code should not be inlined into the middle of the hot
    // exponent-parsing loop above.
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn parse_exponent_overflow(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        zero_significand: bool,
        positive_exp: bool,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        // Error instead of +/- infinity.
        if !zero_significand && positive_exp {
            return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
        }

        while let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
        }
        Ok(if positive { 0.0 } else { -0.0 })
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    fn f64_long_from_parts(
        &mut self,
        positive: bool,
        integer_end: usize,
        exponent: i32,
    ) -> Result<f64> {
        let integer = &self.scratch[..integer_end];
        let fraction = &self.scratch[integer_end..];

        let f = if self.single_precision {
            lexical::parse_truncated_float::<f32>(integer, fraction, exponent) as f64
        } else {
            lexical::parse_truncated_float::<f64>(integer, fraction, exponent)
        };

        if f.is_infinite() {
            Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange))
        } else {
            Ok(if positive { f } else { -f })
        }
    }

    fn parse_any_signed_number(&mut self) -> Result<ParserNumber> {
        let peek = match tri!(self.peek()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                self.parse_any_number(false)
            }
            b'0'..=b'9' => self.parse_any_number(true),
            _ => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
        };

        let value = match tri!(self.peek()) {
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
            None => value,
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            // The de::Error impl creates errors with unknown line and column.
            // Fill in the position here by looking at the current index in the
            // input. There is no way to tell whether this should call `error`
            // or `peek_error` so pick the one that seems correct more often.
            // Worst case, the position is off by one character.
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "arbitrary_precision"))]
    fn parse_any_number(&mut self, positive: bool) -> Result<ParserNumber> {
        self.parse_integer(positive)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn parse_any_number(&mut self, positive: bool) -> Result<ParserNumber> {
        let mut buf = String::with_capacity(16);
        if !positive {
            buf.push('-');
        }
        self.scan_integer(&mut buf)?;
        if positive {
            if let Ok(unsigned) = buf.parse() {
                return Ok(ParserNumber::U64(unsigned));
            }
        } else {
            if let Ok(signed) = buf.parse() {
                return Ok(ParserNumber::I64(signed));
            }
        }
        Ok(ParserNumber::String(buf))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn scan_or_eof(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<u8> {
        match tri!(self.next_char()) {
            Some(b) => {
                buf.push(b as char);
                Ok(b)
            }
            None => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn scan_integer(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.scan_or_eof(buf)) {
            b'0' => {
                // There can be only one leading '0'.
                match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    b'0'..=b'9' => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                    _ => self.scan_number(buf),
                }
            }
            b'1'..=b'9' => loop {
                match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    c @ b'0'..=b'9' => {
                        self.eat_char();
                        buf.push(c as char);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        return self.scan_number(buf);
                    }
                }
            },
            _ => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn scan_number(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'.' => self.scan_decimal(buf),
            e @ b'e' | e @ b'E' => self.scan_exponent(e as char, buf),
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn scan_decimal(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
        self.eat_char();
        buf.push('.');

        let mut at_least_one_digit = false;
        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
            buf.push(c as char);
            at_least_one_digit = true;
        }

        if !at_least_one_digit {
            match tri!(self.peek()) {
                Some(_) => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber)),
                None => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
            }
        }

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            e @ b'e' | e @ b'E' => self.scan_exponent(e as char, buf),
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary_precision")]
    fn scan_exponent(&mut self, e: char, buf: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
        self.eat_char();
        buf.push(e);

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'+' => {
                self.eat_char();
                buf.push('+');
            }
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                buf.push('-');
            }
            _ => {}
        }

        // Make sure a digit follows the exponent place.
        match tri!(self.scan_or_eof(buf)) {
            b'0'..=b'9' => {}
            _ => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
            }
        }

        while let c @ b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
            buf.push(c as char);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn parse_object_colon(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b':') => {
                self.eat_char();
                Ok(())
            }
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedColon)),
            None => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject)),
        }
    }

    fn end_seq(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b']') => {
                self.eat_char();
                Ok(())
            }
            Some(b',') => {
                self.eat_char();
                match self.parse_whitespace() {
                    Ok(Some(b']')) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingComma)),
                    _ => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingCharacters)),
                }
            }
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingCharacters)),
            None => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingList)),
        }
    }

    fn end_map(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'}') => {
                self.eat_char();
                Ok(())
            }
            Some(b',') => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingComma)),
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingCharacters)),
            None => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject)),
        }
    }

    fn ignore_value(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.scratch.clear();
        let mut enclosing = None;

        loop {
            let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
                Some(b) => b,
                None => {
                    return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
                }
            };

            let frame = match peek {
                b'n' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    tri!(self.parse_ident(b"ull"));
                    None
                }
                b't' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    tri!(self.parse_ident(b"rue"));
                    None
                }
                b'f' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    tri!(self.parse_ident(b"alse"));
                    None
                }
                b'-' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    tri!(self.ignore_integer());
                    None
                }
                b'0'..=b'9' => {
                    tri!(self.ignore_integer());
                    None
                }
                b'"' => {
                    self.eat_char();
                    tri!(self.read.ignore_str());
                    None
                }
                frame @ b'[' | frame @ b'{' => {
                    self.scratch.extend(enclosing.take());
                    self.eat_char();
                    Some(frame)
                }
                _ => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeValue)),
            };

            let (mut accept_comma, mut frame) = match frame {
                Some(frame) => (false, frame),
                None => match enclosing.take() {
                    Some(frame) => (true, frame),
                    None => match self.scratch.pop() {
                        Some(frame) => (true, frame),
                        None => return Ok(()),
                    },
                },
            };

            loop {
                match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
                    Some(b',') if accept_comma => {
                        self.eat_char();
                        break;
                    }
                    Some(b']') if frame == b'[' => {}
                    Some(b'}') if frame == b'{' => {}
                    Some(_) => {
                        if accept_comma {
                            return Err(self.peek_error(match frame {
                                b'[' => ErrorCode::ExpectedListCommaOrEnd,
                                b'{' => ErrorCode::ExpectedObjectCommaOrEnd,
                                _ => unreachable!(),
                            }));
                        } else {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    None => {
                        return Err(self.peek_error(match frame {
                            b'[' => ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingList,
                            b'{' => ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject,
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        }));
                    }
                }

                self.eat_char();
                frame = match self.scratch.pop() {
                    Some(frame) => frame,
                    None => return Ok(()),
                };
                accept_comma = true;
            }

            if frame == b'{' {
                match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
                    Some(b'"') => self.eat_char(),
                    Some(_) => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::KeyMustBeAString)),
                    None => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject)),
                }
                tri!(self.read.ignore_str());
                match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
                    Some(b':') => self.eat_char(),
                    Some(_) => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedColon)),
                    None => return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject)),
                }
            }

            enclosing = Some(frame);
        }
    }

    fn ignore_integer(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.next_char_or_null()) {
            b'0' => {
                // There can be only one leading '0'.
                if let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
                }
            }
            b'1'..=b'9' => {
                while let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
                    self.eat_char();
                }
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
            }
        }

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'.' => self.ignore_decimal(),
            b'e' | b'E' => self.ignore_exponent(),
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    fn ignore_decimal(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.eat_char();

        let mut at_least_one_digit = false;
        while let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
            at_least_one_digit = true;
        }

        if !at_least_one_digit {
            return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
        }

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'e' | b'E' => self.ignore_exponent(),
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    fn ignore_exponent(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.eat_char();

        match tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            b'+' | b'-' => self.eat_char(),
            _ => {}
        }

        // Make sure a digit follows the exponent place.
        match tri!(self.next_char_or_null()) {
            b'0'..=b'9' => {}
            _ => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::InvalidNumber));
            }
        }

        while let b'0'..=b'9' = tri!(self.peek_or_null()) {
            self.eat_char();
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "raw_value")]
    fn deserialize_raw_value<V>(&mut self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.parse_whitespace()?;
        self.read.begin_raw_buffering();
        self.ignore_value()?;
        self.read.end_raw_buffering(visitor)
    }
}

impl FromStr for Number {
    type Err = Error;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        Deserializer::from_str(s)
            .parse_any_signed_number()
            .map(Into::into)
    }
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "float_roundtrip"))]
static POW10: [f64; 309] = [
    1e000, 1e001, 1e002, 1e003, 1e004, 1e005, 1e006, 1e007, 1e008, 1e009, //
    1e010, 1e011, 1e012, 1e013, 1e014, 1e015, 1e016, 1e017, 1e018, 1e019, //
    1e020, 1e021, 1e022, 1e023, 1e024, 1e025, 1e026, 1e027, 1e028, 1e029, //
    1e030, 1e031, 1e032, 1e033, 1e034, 1e035, 1e036, 1e037, 1e038, 1e039, //
    1e040, 1e041, 1e042, 1e043, 1e044, 1e045, 1e046, 1e047, 1e048, 1e049, //
    1e050, 1e051, 1e052, 1e053, 1e054, 1e055, 1e056, 1e057, 1e058, 1e059, //
    1e060, 1e061, 1e062, 1e063, 1e064, 1e065, 1e066, 1e067, 1e068, 1e069, //
    1e070, 1e071, 1e072, 1e073, 1e074, 1e075, 1e076, 1e077, 1e078, 1e079, //
    1e080, 1e081, 1e082, 1e083, 1e084, 1e085, 1e086, 1e087, 1e088, 1e089, //
    1e090, 1e091, 1e092, 1e093, 1e094, 1e095, 1e096, 1e097, 1e098, 1e099, //
    1e100, 1e101, 1e102, 1e103, 1e104, 1e105, 1e106, 1e107, 1e108, 1e109, //
    1e110, 1e111, 1e112, 1e113, 1e114, 1e115, 1e116, 1e117, 1e118, 1e119, //
    1e120, 1e121, 1e122, 1e123, 1e124, 1e125, 1e126, 1e127, 1e128, 1e129, //
    1e130, 1e131, 1e132, 1e133, 1e134, 1e135, 1e136, 1e137, 1e138, 1e139, //
    1e140, 1e141, 1e142, 1e143, 1e144, 1e145, 1e146, 1e147, 1e148, 1e149, //
    1e150, 1e151, 1e152, 1e153, 1e154, 1e155, 1e156, 1e157, 1e158, 1e159, //
    1e160, 1e161, 1e162, 1e163, 1e164, 1e165, 1e166, 1e167, 1e168, 1e169, //
    1e170, 1e171, 1e172, 1e173, 1e174, 1e175, 1e176, 1e177, 1e178, 1e179, //
    1e180, 1e181, 1e182, 1e183, 1e184, 1e185, 1e186, 1e187, 1e188, 1e189, //
    1e190, 1e191, 1e192, 1e193, 1e194, 1e195, 1e196, 1e197, 1e198, 1e199, //
    1e200, 1e201, 1e202, 1e203, 1e204, 1e205, 1e206, 1e207, 1e208, 1e209, //
    1e210, 1e211, 1e212, 1e213, 1e214, 1e215, 1e216, 1e217, 1e218, 1e219, //
    1e220, 1e221, 1e222, 1e223, 1e224, 1e225, 1e226, 1e227, 1e228, 1e229, //
    1e230, 1e231, 1e232, 1e233, 1e234, 1e235, 1e236, 1e237, 1e238, 1e239, //
    1e240, 1e241, 1e242, 1e243, 1e244, 1e245, 1e246, 1e247, 1e248, 1e249, //
    1e250, 1e251, 1e252, 1e253, 1e254, 1e255, 1e256, 1e257, 1e258, 1e259, //
    1e260, 1e261, 1e262, 1e263, 1e264, 1e265, 1e266, 1e267, 1e268, 1e269, //
    1e270, 1e271, 1e272, 1e273, 1e274, 1e275, 1e276, 1e277, 1e278, 1e279, //
    1e280, 1e281, 1e282, 1e283, 1e284, 1e285, 1e286, 1e287, 1e288, 1e289, //
    1e290, 1e291, 1e292, 1e293, 1e294, 1e295, 1e296, 1e297, 1e298, 1e299, //
    1e300, 1e301, 1e302, 1e303, 1e304, 1e305, 1e306, 1e307, 1e308,
];

macro_rules! deserialize_number {
    ($method:ident) => {
        fn $method<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_number(visitor)
        }
    };
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "unbounded_depth"))]
macro_rules! if_checking_recursion_limit {
    ($($body:tt)*) => {
        $($body)*
    };
}

#[cfg(feature = "unbounded_depth")]
macro_rules! if_checking_recursion_limit {
    ($this:ident $($body:tt)*) => {
        if !$this.disable_recursion_limit {
            $this $($body)*
        }
    };
}

macro_rules! check_recursion {
    ($this:ident $($body:tt)*) => {
        if_checking_recursion_limit! {
            $this.remaining_depth -= 1;
            if $this.remaining_depth == 0 {
                return Err($this.peek_error(ErrorCode::RecursionLimitExceeded));
            }
        }

        $this $($body)*

        if_checking_recursion_limit! {
            $this.remaining_depth += 1;
        }
    };
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de>> de::Deserializer<'de> for &'a mut Deserializer<R> {
    type Error = Error;

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'n' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"ull"));
                visitor.visit_unit()
            }
            b't' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"rue"));
                visitor.visit_bool(true)
            }
            b'f' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"alse"));
                visitor.visit_bool(false)
            }
            b'-' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_any_number(false)).visit(visitor)
            }
            b'0'..=b'9' => tri!(self.parse_any_number(true)).visit(visitor),
            b'"' => {
                self.eat_char();
                self.scratch.clear();
                match tri!(self.read.parse_str(&mut self.scratch)) {
                    Reference::Borrowed(s) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(s),
                    Reference::Copied(s) => visitor.visit_str(s),
                }
            }
            b'[' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_seq(SeqAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_seq()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            b'{' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_map(MapAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_map()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeValue)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            // The de::Error impl creates errors with unknown line and column.
            // Fill in the position here by looking at the current index in the
            // input. There is no way to tell whether this should call `error`
            // or `peek_error` so pick the one that seems correct more often.
            // Worst case, the position is off by one character.
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_bool<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b't' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"rue"));
                visitor.visit_bool(true)
            }
            b'f' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"alse"));
                visitor.visit_bool(false)
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    deserialize_number!(deserialize_i8);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_i16);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_i32);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_i64);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_u8);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_u16);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_u32);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_u64);
    #[cfg(not(feature = "float_roundtrip"))]
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_f32);
    deserialize_number!(deserialize_f64);

    #[cfg(feature = "float_roundtrip")]
    fn deserialize_f32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.single_precision = true;
        let val = self.deserialize_number(visitor);
        self.single_precision = false;
        val
    }

    fn deserialize_i128<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let mut buf = String::new();

        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'-') => {
                self.eat_char();
                buf.push('-');
            }
            Some(_) => {}
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        tri!(self.scan_integer128(&mut buf));

        let value = match buf.parse() {
            Ok(int) => visitor.visit_i128(int),
            Err(_) => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
            }
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_u128<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'-') => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
            }
            Some(_) => {}
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        }

        let mut buf = String::new();
        tri!(self.scan_integer128(&mut buf));

        let value = match buf.parse() {
            Ok(int) => visitor.visit_u128(int),
            Err(_) => {
                return Err(self.error(ErrorCode::NumberOutOfRange));
            }
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_char<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_str(visitor)
    }

    fn deserialize_str<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'"' => {
                self.eat_char();
                self.scratch.clear();
                match tri!(self.read.parse_str(&mut self.scratch)) {
                    Reference::Borrowed(s) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(s),
                    Reference::Copied(s) => visitor.visit_str(s),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_string<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_str(visitor)
    }

    /// Parses a JSON string as bytes. Note that this function does not check
    /// whether the bytes represent a valid UTF-8 string.
    ///
    /// The relevant part of the JSON specification is Section 8.2 of [RFC
    /// 7159]:
    ///
    /// > When all the strings represented in a JSON text are composed entirely
    /// > of Unicode characters (however escaped), then that JSON text is
    /// > interoperable in the sense that all software implementations that
    /// > parse it will agree on the contents of names and of string values in
    /// > objects and arrays.
    /// >
    /// > However, the ABNF in this specification allows member names and string
    /// > values to contain bit sequences that cannot encode Unicode characters;
    /// > for example, "\uDEAD" (a single unpaired UTF-16 surrogate). Instances
    /// > of this have been observed, for example, when a library truncates a
    /// > UTF-16 string without checking whether the truncation split a
    /// > surrogate pair.  The behavior of software that receives JSON texts
    /// > containing such values is unpredictable; for example, implementations
    /// > might return different values for the length of a string value or even
    /// > suffer fatal runtime exceptions.
    ///
    /// [RFC 7159]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159
    ///
    /// The behavior of serde_json is specified to fail on non-UTF-8 strings
    /// when deserializing into Rust UTF-8 string types such as String, and
    /// succeed with non-UTF-8 bytes when deserializing using this method.
    ///
    /// Escape sequences are processed as usual, and for `\uXXXX` escapes it is
    /// still checked if the hex number represents a valid Unicode code point.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// You can use this to parse JSON strings containing invalid UTF-8 bytes,
    /// or unpaired surrogates.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use serde_bytes::ByteBuf;
    ///
    /// fn look_at_bytes() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
    ///     let json_data = b"\"some bytes: \xe5\x00\xe5\"";
    ///     let bytes: ByteBuf = serde_json::from_slice(json_data)?;
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(b'\xe5', bytes[12]);
    ///     assert_eq!(b'\0', bytes[13]);
    ///     assert_eq!(b'\xe5', bytes[14]);
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// #
    /// # look_at_bytes().unwrap();
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Backslash escape sequences like `\n` are still interpreted and required
    /// to be valid. `\u` escape sequences are required to represent a valid
    /// Unicode code point or lone surrogate.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use serde_bytes::ByteBuf;
    ///
    /// fn look_at_bytes() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
    ///     let json_data = b"\"lone surrogate: \\uD801\"";
    ///     let bytes: ByteBuf = serde_json::from_slice(json_data)?;
    ///     let expected = b"lone surrogate: \xED\xA0\x81";
    ///     assert_eq!(expected, bytes.as_slice());
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// #
    /// # look_at_bytes();
    /// ```
    fn deserialize_bytes<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'"' => {
                self.eat_char();
                self.scratch.clear();
                match tri!(self.read.parse_str_raw(&mut self.scratch)) {
                    Reference::Borrowed(b) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(b),
                    Reference::Copied(b) => visitor.visit_bytes(b),
                }
            }
            b'[' => self.deserialize_seq(visitor),
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_bytes(visitor)
    }

    /// Parses a `null` as a None, and any other values as a `Some(...)`.
    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'n') => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"ull"));
                visitor.visit_none()
            }
            _ => visitor.visit_some(self),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'n' => {
                self.eat_char();
                tri!(self.parse_ident(b"ull"));
                visitor.visit_unit()
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>(self, _name: &'static str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_unit(visitor)
    }

    /// Parses a newtype struct as the underlying value.
    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, name: &str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        #[cfg(feature = "raw_value")]
        {
            if name == crate::raw::TOKEN {
                return self.deserialize_raw_value(visitor);
            }
        }

        let _ = name;
        visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self)
    }

    fn deserialize_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'[' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_seq(SeqAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_seq()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_tuple<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
    }

    fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>(
        self,
        _name: &'static str,
        _len: usize,
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
    }

    fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'{' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_map(MapAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_map()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_struct<V>(
        self,
        _name: &'static str,
        _fields: &'static [&'static str],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => {
                return Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue));
            }
        };

        let value = match peek {
            b'[' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_seq(SeqAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_seq()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            b'{' => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let ret = visitor.visit_map(MapAccess::new(self));
                }

                match (ret, self.end_map()) {
                    (Ok(ret), Ok(())) => Ok(ret),
                    (Err(err), _) | (_, Err(err)) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.peek_invalid_type(&visitor)),
        };

        match value {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(err) => Err(self.fix_position(err)),
        }
    }

    /// Parses an enum as an object like `{"$KEY":$VALUE}`, where $VALUE is either a straight
    /// value, a `[..]`, or a `{..}`.
    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_enum<V>(
        self,
        _name: &str,
        _variants: &'static [&'static str],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'{') => {
                check_recursion! {
                    self.eat_char();
                    let value = tri!(visitor.visit_enum(VariantAccess::new(self)));
                }

                match tri!(self.parse_whitespace()) {
                    Some(b'}') => {
                        self.eat_char();
                        Ok(value)
                    }
                    Some(_) => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeValue)),
                    None => Err(self.error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject)),
                }
            }
            Some(b'"') => visitor.visit_enum(UnitVariantAccess::new(self)),
            Some(_) => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedSomeValue)),
            None => Err(self.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_identifier<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.deserialize_str(visitor)
    }

    fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        tri!(self.ignore_value());
        visitor.visit_unit()
    }
}

struct SeqAccess<'a, R: 'a> {
    de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>,
    first: bool,
}

impl<'a, R: 'a> SeqAccess<'a, R> {
    fn new(de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>) -> Self {
        SeqAccess { de, first: true }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::SeqAccess<'de> for SeqAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;

    fn next_element_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>>
    where
        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.de.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b']') => {
                return Ok(None);
            }
            Some(b',') if !self.first => {
                self.de.eat_char();
                tri!(self.de.parse_whitespace())
            }
            Some(b) => {
                if self.first {
                    self.first = false;
                    Some(b)
                } else {
                    return Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedListCommaOrEnd));
                }
            }
            None => {
                return Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingList));
            }
        };

        match peek {
            Some(b']') => Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingComma)),
            Some(_) => Ok(Some(tri!(seed.deserialize(&mut *self.de)))),
            None => Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
        }
    }
}

struct MapAccess<'a, R: 'a> {
    de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>,
    first: bool,
}

impl<'a, R: 'a> MapAccess<'a, R> {
    fn new(de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>) -> Self {
        MapAccess { de, first: true }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::MapAccess<'de> for MapAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;

    fn next_key_seed<K>(&mut self, seed: K) -> Result<Option<K::Value>>
    where
        K: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        let peek = match tri!(self.de.parse_whitespace()) {
            Some(b'}') => {
                return Ok(None);
            }
            Some(b',') if !self.first => {
                self.de.eat_char();
                tri!(self.de.parse_whitespace())
            }
            Some(b) => {
                if self.first {
                    self.first = false;
                    Some(b)
                } else {
                    return Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::ExpectedObjectCommaOrEnd));
                }
            }
            None => {
                return Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingObject));
            }
        };

        match peek {
            Some(b'"') => seed.deserialize(MapKey { de: &mut *self.de }).map(Some),
            Some(b'}') => Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::TrailingComma)),
            Some(_) => Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::KeyMustBeAString)),
            None => Err(self.de.peek_error(ErrorCode::EofWhileParsingValue)),
        }
    }

    fn next_value_seed<V>(&mut self, seed: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        tri!(self.de.parse_object_colon());

        seed.deserialize(&mut *self.de)
    }
}

struct VariantAccess<'a, R: 'a> {
    de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>,
}

impl<'a, R: 'a> VariantAccess<'a, R> {
    fn new(de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>) -> Self {
        VariantAccess { de }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::EnumAccess<'de> for VariantAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;
    type Variant = Self;

    fn variant_seed<V>(self, seed: V) -> Result<(V::Value, Self)>
    where
        V: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        let val = tri!(seed.deserialize(&mut *self.de));
        tri!(self.de.parse_object_colon());
        Ok((val, self))
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::VariantAccess<'de> for VariantAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;

    fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<()> {
        de::Deserialize::deserialize(self.de)
    }

    fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value>
    where
        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        seed.deserialize(self.de)
    }

    fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        de::Deserializer::deserialize_seq(self.de, visitor)
    }

    fn struct_variant<V>(self, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        de::Deserializer::deserialize_struct(self.de, "", fields, visitor)
    }
}

struct UnitVariantAccess<'a, R: 'a> {
    de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>,
}

impl<'a, R: 'a> UnitVariantAccess<'a, R> {
    fn new(de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>) -> Self {
        UnitVariantAccess { de }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::EnumAccess<'de> for UnitVariantAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;
    type Variant = Self;

    fn variant_seed<V>(self, seed: V) -> Result<(V::Value, Self)>
    where
        V: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        let variant = tri!(seed.deserialize(&mut *self.de));
        Ok((variant, self))
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, R: Read<'de> + 'a> de::VariantAccess<'de> for UnitVariantAccess<'a, R> {
    type Error = Error;

    fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, _seed: T) -> Result<T::Value>
    where
        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
            Unexpected::UnitVariant,
            &"newtype variant",
        ))
    }

    fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, _visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
            Unexpected::UnitVariant,
            &"tuple variant",
        ))
    }

    fn struct_variant<V>(self, _fields: &'static [&'static str], _visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
            Unexpected::UnitVariant,
            &"struct variant",
        ))
    }
}

/// Only deserialize from this after peeking a '"' byte! Otherwise it may
/// deserialize invalid JSON successfully.
struct MapKey<'a, R: 'a> {
    de: &'a mut Deserializer<R>,
}

macro_rules! deserialize_integer_key {
    ($method:ident => $visit:ident) => {
        fn $method<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.de.eat_char();
            self.de.scratch.clear();
            let string = tri!(self.de.read.parse_str(&mut self.de.scratch));
            match (string.parse(), string) {
                (Ok(integer), _) => visitor.$visit(integer),
                (Err(_), Reference::Borrowed(s)) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(s),
                (Err(_), Reference::Copied(s)) => visitor.visit_str(s),
            }
        }
    };
}

impl<'de, 'a, R> de::Deserializer<'de> for MapKey<'a, R>
where
    R: Read<'de>,
{
    type Error = Error;

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.de.eat_char();
        self.de.scratch.clear();
        match tri!(self.de.read.parse_str(&mut self.de.scratch)) {
            Reference::Borrowed(s) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(s),
            Reference::Copied(s) => visitor.visit_str(s),
        }
    }

    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_i8 => visit_i8);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_i16 => visit_i16);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_i32 => visit_i32);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_i64 => visit_i64);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_i128 => visit_i128);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_u8 => visit_u8);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_u16 => visit_u16);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_u32 => visit_u32);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_u64 => visit_u64);
    deserialize_integer_key!(deserialize_u128 => visit_u128);

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        // Map keys cannot be null.
        visitor.visit_some(self)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, name: &'static str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        #[cfg(feature = "raw_value")]
        {
            if name == crate::raw::TOKEN {
                return self.de.deserialize_raw_value(visitor);
            }
        }

        let _ = name;
        visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_enum<V>(
        self,
        name: &'static str,
        variants: &'static [&'static str],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.de.deserialize_enum(name, variants, visitor)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_bytes<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.de.deserialize_bytes(visitor)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
    where
        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
    {
        self.de.deserialize_bytes(visitor)
    }

    forward_to_deserialize_any! {
        bool f32 f64 char str string unit unit_struct seq tuple tuple_struct map
        struct identifier ignored_any
    }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Iterator that deserializes a stream into multiple JSON values.
///
/// A stream deserializer can be created from any JSON deserializer using the
/// `Deserializer::into_iter` method.
///
/// The data can consist of any JSON value. Values need to be a self-delineating value e.g.
/// arrays, objects, or strings, or be followed by whitespace or a self-delineating value.
///
/// ```
/// use serde_json::{Deserializer, Value};
///
/// fn main() {
///     let data = "{\"k\": 3}1\"cool\"\"stuff\" 3{}  [0, 1, 2]";
///
///     let stream = Deserializer::from_str(data).into_iter::<Value>();
///
///     for value in stream {
///         println!("{}", value.unwrap());
///     }
/// }
/// ```
pub struct StreamDeserializer<'de, R, T> {
    de: Deserializer<R>,
    offset: usize,
    failed: bool,
    output: PhantomData<T>,
    lifetime: PhantomData<&'de ()>,
}

impl<'de, R, T> StreamDeserializer<'de, R, T>
where
    R: read::Read<'de>,
    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
{
    /// Create a JSON stream deserializer from one of the possible serde_json
    /// input sources.
    ///
    /// Typically it is more convenient to use one of these methods instead:
    ///
    ///   - Deserializer::from_str(...).into_iter()
    ///   - Deserializer::from_slice(...).into_iter()
    ///   - Deserializer::from_reader(...).into_iter()
    pub fn new(read: R) -> Self {
        let offset = read.byte_offset();
        StreamDeserializer {
            de: Deserializer::new(read),
            offset,
            failed: false,
            output: PhantomData,
            lifetime: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the number of bytes so far deserialized into a successful `T`.
    ///
    /// If a stream deserializer returns an EOF error, new data can be joined to
    /// `old_data[stream.byte_offset()..]` to try again.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let data = b"[0] [1] [";
    ///
    /// let de = serde_json::Deserializer::from_slice(data);
    /// let mut stream = de.into_iter::<Vec<i32>>();
    /// assert_eq!(0, stream.byte_offset());
    ///
    /// println!("{:?}", stream.next()); // [0]
    /// assert_eq!(3, stream.byte_offset());
    ///
    /// println!("{:?}", stream.next()); // [1]
    /// assert_eq!(7, stream.byte_offset());
    ///
    /// println!("{:?}", stream.next()); // error
    /// assert_eq!(8, stream.byte_offset());
    ///
    /// // If err.is_eof(), can join the remaining data to new data and continue.
    /// let remaining = &data[stream.byte_offset()..];
    /// ```
    ///
    /// *Note:* In the future this method may be changed to return the number of
    /// bytes so far deserialized into a successful T *or* syntactically valid
    /// JSON skipped over due to a type error. See [serde-rs/json#70] for an
    /// example illustrating this.
    ///
    /// [serde-rs/json#70]: https://github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/70
    pub fn byte_offset(&self) -> usize {
        self.offset
    }

    fn peek_end_of_value(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        match tri!(self.de.peek()) {
            Some(b' ') | Some(b'\n') | Some(b'\t') | Some(b'\r') | Some(b'"') | Some(b'[')
            | Some(b']') | Some(b'{') | Some(b'}') | Some(b',') | Some(b':') | None => Ok(()),
            Some(_) => {
                let position = self.de.read.peek_position();
                Err(Error::syntax(
                    ErrorCode::TrailingCharacters,
                    position.line,
                    position.column,
                ))
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'de, R, T> Iterator for StreamDeserializer<'de, R, T>
where
    R: Read<'de>,
    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
{
    type Item = Result<T>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Result<T>> {
        if R::should_early_return_if_failed && self.failed {
            return None;
        }

        // skip whitespaces, if any
        // this helps with trailing whitespaces, since whitespaces between
        // values are handled for us.
        match self.de.parse_whitespace() {
            Ok(None) => {
                self.offset = self.de.read.byte_offset();
                None
            }
            Ok(Some(b)) => {
                // If the value does not have a clear way to show the end of the value
                // (like numbers, null, true etc.) we have to look for whitespace or
                // the beginning of a self-delineated value.
                let self_delineated_value = match b {
                    b'[' | b'"' | b'{' => true,
                    _ => false,
                };
                self.offset = self.de.read.byte_offset();
                let result = de::Deserialize::deserialize(&mut self.de);

                Some(match result {
                    Ok(value) => {
                        self.offset = self.de.read.byte_offset();
                        if self_delineated_value {
                            Ok(value)
                        } else {
                            self.peek_end_of_value().map(|_| value)
                        }
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        self.de.read.set_failed(&mut self.failed);
                        Err(e)
                    }
                })
            }
            Err(e) => {
                self.de.read.set_failed(&mut self.failed);
                Some(Err(e))
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'de, R, T> FusedIterator for StreamDeserializer<'de, R, T>
where
    R: Read<'de> + Fused,
    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
{
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

fn from_trait<'de, R, T>(read: R) -> Result<T>
where
    R: Read<'de>,
    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
{
    let mut de = Deserializer::new(read);
    let value = tri!(de::Deserialize::deserialize(&mut de));

    // Make sure the whole stream has been consumed.
    tri!(de.end());
    Ok(value)
}

/// Deserialize an instance of type `T` from an IO stream of JSON.
///
/// The content of the IO stream is deserialized directly from the stream
/// without being buffered in memory by serde_json.
///
/// When reading from a source against which short reads are not efficient, such
/// as a [`File`], you will want to apply your own buffering because serde_json
/// will not buffer the input. See [`std::io::BufReader`].
///
/// It is expected that the input stream ends after the deserialized object.
/// If the stream does not end, such as in the case of a persistent socket connection,
/// this function will not return. It is possible instead to deserialize from a prefix of an input
/// stream without looking for EOF by managing your own [`Deserializer`].
///
/// Note that counter to intuition, this function is usually slower than
/// reading a file completely into memory and then applying [`from_str`]
/// or [`from_slice`] on it. See [issue #160].
///
/// [`File`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fs/struct.File.html
/// [`std::io::BufReader`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufReader.html
/// [`from_str`]: ./fn.from_str.html
/// [`from_slice`]: ./fn.from_slice.html
/// [issue #160]: https://github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/160
///
/// # Example
///
/// Reading the contents of a file.
///
/// ```
/// use serde::Deserialize;
///
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fs::File;
/// use std::io::BufReader;
/// use std::path::Path;
///
/// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     fingerprint: String,
///     location: String,
/// }
///
/// fn read_user_from_file<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Result<User, Box<dyn Error>> {
///     // Open the file in read-only mode with buffer.
///     let file = File::open(path)?;
///     let reader = BufReader::new(file);
///
///     // Read the JSON contents of the file as an instance of `User`.
///     let u = serde_json::from_reader(reader)?;
///
///     // Return the `User`.
///     Ok(u)
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
/// # }
/// # fn fake_main() {
///     let u = read_user_from_file("test.json").unwrap();
///     println!("{:#?}", u);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Reading from a persistent socket connection.
///
/// ```
/// use serde::Deserialize;
///
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
///
/// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     fingerprint: String,
///     location: String,
/// }
///
/// fn read_user_from_stream(tcp_stream: TcpStream) -> Result<User, Box<dyn Error>> {
///     let mut de = serde_json::Deserializer::from_reader(tcp_stream);
///     let u = User::deserialize(&mut de)?;
///
///     Ok(u)
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
/// # }
/// # fn fake_main() {
///     let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:4000").unwrap();
///
///     for stream in listener.incoming() {
///         println!("{:#?}", read_user_from_stream(stream.unwrap()));
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This conversion can fail if the structure of the input does not match the
/// structure expected by `T`, for example if `T` is a struct type but the input
/// contains something other than a JSON map. It can also fail if the structure
/// is correct but `T`'s implementation of `Deserialize` decides that something
/// is wrong with the data, for example required struct fields are missing from
/// the JSON map or some number is too big to fit in the expected primitive
/// type.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
pub fn from_reader<R, T>(rdr: R) -> Result<T>
where
    R: crate::io::Read,
    T: de::DeserializeOwned,
{
    from_trait(read::IoRead::new(rdr))
}

/// Deserialize an instance of type `T` from bytes of JSON text.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use serde::Deserialize;
///
/// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     fingerprint: String,
///     location: String,
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     // The type of `j` is `&[u8]`
///     let j = b"
///         {
///             \"fingerprint\": \"0xF9BA143B95FF6D82\",
///             \"location\": \"Menlo Park, CA\"
///         }";
///
///     let u: User = serde_json::from_slice(j).unwrap();
///     println!("{:#?}", u);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This conversion can fail if the structure of the input does not match the
/// structure expected by `T`, for example if `T` is a struct type but the input
/// contains something other than a JSON map. It can also fail if the structure
/// is correct but `T`'s implementation of `Deserialize` decides that something
/// is wrong with the data, for example required struct fields are missing from
/// the JSON map or some number is too big to fit in the expected primitive
/// type.
pub fn from_slice<'a, T>(v: &'a [u8]) -> Result<T>
where
    T: de::Deserialize<'a>,
{
    from_trait(read::SliceRead::new(v))
}

/// Deserialize an instance of type `T` from a string of JSON text.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use serde::Deserialize;
///
/// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     fingerprint: String,
///     location: String,
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     // The type of `j` is `&str`
///     let j = "
///         {
///             \"fingerprint\": \"0xF9BA143B95FF6D82\",
///             \"location\": \"Menlo Park, CA\"
///         }";
///
///     let u: User = serde_json::from_str(j).unwrap();
///     println!("{:#?}", u);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This conversion can fail if the structure of the input does not match the
/// structure expected by `T`, for example if `T` is a struct type but the input
/// contains something other than a JSON map. It can also fail if the structure
/// is correct but `T`'s implementation of `Deserialize` decides that something
/// is wrong with the data, for example required struct fields are missing from
/// the JSON map or some number is too big to fit in the expected primitive
/// type.
pub fn from_str<'a, T>(s: &'a str) -> Result<T>
where
    T: de::Deserialize<'a>,
{
    from_trait(read::StrRead::new(s))
}